What is Sjögren's syndrome and its manifestations
Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own exocrine glands, predominantly the lacrimal and salivary glands [1]. The main clinical manifestations of the pathology are pronounced dryness of the mucous membranes, affecting the eyes and oral cavity [2]. Patients often complain of a gritty or "sandy" sensation in the eyes, burning, and persistent dry mouth that makes swallowing and speaking difficult.
In addition to exocrine disorders, the disease can be systemic in nature, causing fatigue, joint pain, and internal organ damage [3]. Timely recognition of symptoms helps prevent serious complications involving the cornea and teeth [4].
Main symptoms of the disease
The clinical picture of the syndrome is quite diverse and may include both classic dryness-related manifestations and systemic signs:
- Chronic dry eyes (xerophthalmia) with the risk of developing keratoconjunctivitis [2].
- Severe dry mouth (xerostomia), leading to the rapid development of dental caries [4].
- Enlargement of the salivary glands, most commonly the parotid glands.
- Muscle and joint pain (arthralgia) without marked deformation [3].
- General weakness and fatigue that reduce the quality of life [1].
Modern diagnostic methods
Diagnosing Sjögren's syndrome requires a comprehensive approach, including evaluation of complaints, a specialist examination, and laboratory and instrumental tests [5]. Doctors use criteria that combine the assessment of salivary and lacrimal gland function, as well as immunological parameters [6].
Specific blood tests for autoantibodies, such as antibodies to Ro (SSA) and La (SSB) ribonucleoproteins, play an important role [7]. Additionally, the Schirmer's test is performed to measure tear fluid production, along with sialometry and, if necessary, a biopsy of the lower lip minor salivary glands for histological confirmation of the diagnosis [8].
Approaches to treatment and therapy
To date, the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome is predominantly symptomatic and supportive, since it is not yet possible to completely eliminate the autoimmune process [1]. Therapy is aimed at relieving dryness, reducing inflammation, and preventing complications [2].
Patients are prescribed artificial tear substitutes, moisturizing gels, and agents that stimulate saliva secretion [4]. In cases of severe systemic involvement, a rheumatologist may recommend anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, or disease-modifying immunosuppressive agents [3].
Sources
- 1. Gerstmann Syndrome Case Report. PubMed
- 2. Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome Guidelines. PubMed
- 3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Hyperpigmentation. PubMed
- 4. SLC4A4 Pathogenic Variants and Migraine. PubMed
- 5. Collagenous Gastritis Endoscopic Alterations. PubMed
- 6. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment. PubMed
- 7. Carbamazepine-Induced SJS/TEN Overlap. PubMed
- 8. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Post-Bariatric. PubMed
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for reference purposes only and does not replace an in-person consultation with a rheumatologist.