Human skin is a complex organ that performs barrier, thermoregulatory, and protective functions, shielding the body from pathogens and physical trauma [1, 2, 7]. A multitude of microorganisms inhabit the skin surface, forming a unique ecosystem. Disruptions in this system play a key role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory pathologies, including dermatitis and eczema [1, 4].
Skin Barrier and Microflora: A Delicate Balance
The epidermis and dermis form a reliable shield that protects the body's internal environment [1, 2]. The local immune defense of the skin includes innate and adaptive mechanisms that, together with resident microflora, restrain the aggression of foreign agents [7]. However, when the protective properties of the epidermis are weakened or the composition of the microbiome changes, dysbiosis occurs. Such an imbalance provokes inflammatory reactions characteristic of atopic dermatitis and other eczematous lesions accompanied by itching and polymorphic rashes [4, 8].
Inflammatory Processes and the Skin Microbiome
Inflammatory dermatoses, such as eczema or psoriasis, are closely linked to impaired intercellular communication and changes in the skin microenvironment [1, 4]. Complex mechanisms of intercellular interaction are involved in pathogenesis, including signal transmission via exosomes that modulate inflammation and the immune response [1]. Changes in the skin's microbial landscape can trigger a cascade of reactions involving immune cells, sustaining chronic inflammation and damage to the epidermal barrier [6, 8].
Bacteriophages as a Tool for Microbiome Regulation
In the quest for new therapeutic strategies, bacteriophages—viruses that selectively infect bacterial cells—are attracting special attention. Since pathogenic bacteria often worsen the course of dermatitis and sustain inflammation against the background of a damaged skin barrier, targeted action on the bacterial flora using phage therapy opens up prospects for precision dermatology. This makes it possible to selectively suppress unwanted microorganisms without disrupting the integrity of the beneficial resident community.
Prospects for Precision Therapy in Dermatology
Modern research methods, such as mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis, make it possible to study molecular changes in healthy and affected skin in detail [2]. Understanding the relationship between the microbiome, the immune system, and genetic factors paves the way for personalized treatment [6, 8]. The use of innovative approaches, including targeted drugs and microbiome modulation, will help effectively cope with severe forms of dermatitis and improve patients' quality of life [1, 3].
Sources
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- [2] Towards Precision Dermatology: Emerging Role of Proteomic Analysis of the Skin. PubMed
- [3] Advances in Current and Emerging Therapies for Challenging Cutaneous Mucinoses. PubMed
- [4] What is "eczema"? PubMed
- [5] Artificial intelligence on inflammatory dermatoses: where we are and where are we going? PubMed
- [6] Bidirectional mediation between microbiota and immune system in Parkinson disease. PubMed
- [7] Fragility of epidermis and its consequence in dermatology. PubMed
- [8] Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. PubMed
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for reference purposes only and does not replace an in-person consultation with a qualified dermatologist.