Human skin is covered with various formations, among which moles or nevi occupy a special place. Most of them are completely safe, however, some changes may indicate the development of a serious oncological disease — melanoma. This is an aggressive malignant tumor that develops from melanocytes, the pigment cells of the skin. Timely detection of suspicious symptoms saves lives, so everyone should know the key warning signs.
Risk factors and localization of melanoma
The risk of developing malignant skin neoplasms depends on many factors, including genetic predisposition, immune system characteristics, and comorbidities. For example, studies show that patients with Parkinson's disease have an increased probability of encountering melanoma [1]. In such patients, tumors are often localized on the scalp and neck, which requires a particularly thorough dermatological examination of this area [1]. Furthermore, genetic variations can influence the body's immune response during cancer therapy, which underscores the importance of a personalized approach in medicine [2].
Main warning signs of moles
To notice a threat in time, dermatologists recommend regularly examining the skin and paying attention to any transformations of existing nevi or the appearance of new suspicious spots. Alarm signals include:
- Asymmetry: one half of the mole does not match the other.
- Borders: uneven, ragged, blurred, or notched contours.
- Color: uneven coloration, a combination of several shades (brown, black, red, white, or blue).
- Diameter: the diameter of the formation exceeds 6 millimeters (although melanoma can be smaller).
- Dynamics: any changes in shape, size, elevation above the skin surface, the appearance of itching, bleeding, or crusting.
Differential diagnosis of pigment changes
Changes in skin color and the appearance of pigmentation are not always associated with a tumor process, but they require careful medical supervision. For example, melasma manifests as symmetrical brown spots on exposed areas of the body [3], and vitamin B12 deficiency can cause pronounced hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, resembling endocrine disorders [8]. Nevertheless, any new or changing pigmented skin lesions should be evaluated by a qualified specialist using dermatoscopy.
Prevention and regular examination
Early diagnosis of melanoma is the main key to successful treatment. People in risk groups, as well as those who have many moles on their body, are recommended to undergo an annual examination by a dermatologist. A doctor will be able to assess the condition of the skin using special equipment and notice pathological changes in time that are not visible to the naked eye.
Sources
- 1. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Melanoma in Patients with Parkinson Disease. PubMed
- 2. Predicting immune-related thyroiditis using polygenic risk scores in patients with advanced melanoma. PubMed
- 3. Evaluation of autoimmune thyroid disease in melasma. PubMed
- 8. Addison-like Clinical Phenotype Without Adrenal Insufficiency: A Rare Manifestation of Pernicious Anemia. PubMed
Disclaimer: The information presented in this article is for reference purposes only and does not replace an in-person consultation with a dermatologist or oncologist. If you have any doubts regarding the condition of your skin, please consult a specialist.