Introduction
The immune system is a complex mechanism that protects our body from infections, diseases, and external threats. When immunity is weakened, a person becomes more vulnerable to various illnesses. Understanding the causes of weakening and methods to strengthen immune defense is crucial for maintaining health. Modern science offers a comprehensive approach to this problem, covering various aspects from prevention to specialized treatment.
Vaccination: A Reliable Shield for a Weakened Immune System
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect against infectious diseases, especially for individuals with compromised immunity. Patients with chronic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), often receive therapies that suppress the immune system, significantly increasing their risk of developing infections [1, 7]. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, many IBD patients remain under-vaccinated, putting them at risk of preventable infections [1, 7].
It is important to note that even in certain autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, vaccination remains a cornerstone of infectious disease prevention. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that vaccines are generally safe and effective in this population, although individual assessment is always required [3]. Gastroenterologists and other specialists play a key role in educating and ensuring proper immunization for their patients [1, 7].
Nutrition and Micronutrients: Building Blocks of Immunity
Proper nutrition is a fundamental aspect of maintaining a strong immune system. The body's ability to function properly depends not only on diet, but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutrient bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects [6]. This is particularly relevant for individuals with chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, who often experience immune system dysfunction [6].
The modern food industry and the widespread use of ultra-processed foods often lead to nutrient deficiencies. To strengthen immunity, it is important to ensure an adequate intake of:
- Macronutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio.
- Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals.
- Vitamin D: Immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, T and B cells, express the vitamin D receptor. The active form of vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased frequency or worsening of infectious and inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus [8].
- Omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid: These substances also exert immunomodulatory effects and should be considered in the diet, especially in type 2 diabetes [6].
A mindful approach to nutrition and, if necessary, supplementation under medical supervision can significantly support immune function [6].
Skin Health: The First Defense Barrier
The skin is the first and most crucial physical barrier of the immune system, preventing the entry of pathogens. Disruption of the skin barrier in early childhood may be associated with the development of common conditions such as eczema and food allergy [4]. These conditions often begin in early childhood and can coexist.
Research shows that skin care interventions, such as the use of emollients (moisturizers) in infancy, can be effective for the primary prevention of eczema and food allergy [4]. Maintaining a healthy skin barrier through adequate care, especially in children with a hereditary risk, is an important strategy to support overall immune defense.
Infection Prevention in Immunosuppression
For immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing cancer treatment, the reactivation of viral infections is a frequent and serious complication. The frequency and severity depend on the degree of cellular immunosuppression [2].
In such cases, antiviral prophylaxis can be effective. For example, for patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies undergoing anti-tumor treatment, but not allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a risk-adapted approach using (val)acyclovir against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is recommended [2]. These guidelines emphasize the importance of active medical intervention to prevent infections in the most vulnerable populations.
Immunity in the Fight Against Cancer
In recent years, the role of the immune system in cancer treatment has increased significantly. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has shown unprecedented clinical activity in certain types of cancer, contributing to the formation of long-term immunological memory [5]. However, these favorable outcomes are achieved in only a limited number of patients, and late relapses may occur, indicating the development of acquired resistance [5].
To overcome these limitations, combination approaches are being investigated, including the combination of ICIs with traditional chemotherapeutic agents that may possess immunogenic properties. The correct choice of such combinations can enhance the anti-tumor immune response and improve treatment outcomes [5]. This direction demonstrates how a deep understanding of immune mechanisms opens new horizons in the fight against serious diseases.
Conclusion
Strengthening immunity is a multifaceted process that requires a comprehensive approach. From timely vaccination and a balanced diet to maintaining skin health and specialized infection prevention in immunosuppressed patients, every aspect plays its role. Modern scientific research is constantly expanding our knowledge on how to best support and restore the immune system, offering effective strategies to improve quality of life and combat diseases.
Sources
- Updates on vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. (Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2019)
- Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies – update of the Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). (Annals of hematology, 2015)
- Association between vaccination and myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Frontiers in immunology, 2026)
- Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022)
- Can immunogenic chemotherapy break cancer cell resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors? (Frontiers in immunology, 2019)
- Immunomodulation through nutrition should be a key trend in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (International journal of molecular sciences, 2024)
- Vaccination of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. (Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2015)
- Impact of vitamin D on the immune system and inflammatory diseases. (Biomolecules, 2021)
Disclaimer: The information provided in the article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace an in-person consultation with a qualified medical specialist. Always consult a physician for diagnosis and treatment.